Antibacterial Activity Test of Combined Extracts of Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L.) and Celery Stalks (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce) Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Dhiyanti Ika Salamah; Putri Eka Sari; Indri Astuti Handayani

doi:10.33759/jrki.v8i2.995

Authors

Dhiyanti Ika Salamah SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN IKIFA
Putri Eka Sari SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN IKIFA
Indri Astuti Handayani SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN IKIFA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v8i2.995

Keywords:

Antibacterial, Psidium guajava L., Apium graveolens L. var. dulce, Combination, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli has become a critical global health concern. Flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) and celery stalks (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce) suggest their potential as natural antibacterial agents, but studies on their combined effectiveness remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect, optimal concentration, and antibacterial activity of combined guava leaf and celery stalk extracts against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This laboratory-based experimental study used the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. Antibacterial activity was assessed through the disc diffusion method against S. aureus and E. coli. The study tested 40% single extracts and combinations in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The findings showed that the combination did not produce a synergistic effect. The highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus was observed in the 2:1 combination, producing an inhibition zone of 11.06 mm, although still lower than the 40% guava leaf extract (11.75 mm). In E. coli, all treatments demonstrated weak activity, with the 1:1 combination yielding the highest inhibition zone of 3.74 mm. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and Games-Howell indicated a significant difference for S. aureus, while the Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference for E. coli (p > 0.05). The combination of guava leaf and celery stalk extracts did not exhibit a synergistic effect. The 2:1 combination was the most effective against S. aureus, while the 1:1 combination showed limited activity against E. coli.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Ikuta KS, Swetschinski LR, Aguilar GR, Sharara F, Mestrovic T, Gray AP, et al. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2022;400:2231-2233.

2. World Health Organization. WHO bacterial priority pathogens list 2024: bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. World Health Organization; 2024:12,27.

3. Kuntaman, Karuniawati A, Gunardi WD, et al. Pola patogen dan antibiogram di Indonesia tahun 2022. PAMKI; 2023:235,237.

4. Handarni D, Putri SH, Tensiska. Skrining kualitatif fitokimia senyawa antibakteri pada ekstrak daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.). Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem. 2020;8(2):183-186.

5. Irazabal B. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol seledri batang (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B5 [skripsi]. STIKes IKIFA; 2024:20,44,49,50.

6. Nurfitriyana, Yanuarti R, Pangesti ID. Formulasi, evaluasi dan uji antibakteri sediaan gel ekstrak etanol daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) sebagai anti jerawat. ISTA Online Technology Journal. 2021;2(2):58.

7. Girsang GE, Rini DI, Woda RR. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava Linn) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli. Cendana Medical Journal. 2019;18(3):453.

8. Miranti E. Uji aktivitas antibakteri kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) dan daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli [skripsi]. STIKes Bhakti Husada Mulia Madiun; 2021:26,69-70.

9. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Farmakope herbal Indonesia. Edisi II. Direktorat Jenderal Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan; 2017:146,149,406,409,528,530-531.

10. Abubakar AR, Haque M. Preparation of medicinal plants: basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2020;12(1):6.

11. Shalsyabillah F, Sari K. Skrining fitokimia serta analisis mikroskopik dan makroskopik ekstrak etanol daun seledri (Apium graveolens L.). Health Information: Jurnal Penelitian. 2023;15(2):3,7-8.

12. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Stahl DA, Clark DP. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 13th ed. Pearson Education Inc; 2011:26-28,58-59,63,127,961-962,1033-1034,1037-1038.

13. Alifia ES, Aji OR. Analisis keberadaan coliform dan Escherichia coli pada es batu dari jajanan minuman di pasar tengah Bandar Lampung. Quagga: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Biologi. 2021;13(1):77-78.

14. Tjiptoningsih UG. Uji daya hambat air perasan buah lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Jurnal Ilmiah dan Teknologi Kedokteran Gigi. 2020;16(2):90.

15. Pratiwi DN, Utami N, Pratimasari D. Karakterisasi dan penetapan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak dan fraksi bunga pepaya jantan (Carica papaya L.) dengan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi. 2022;18(2):224.

16. Gustiana S, Mustariani BAA, Suryani N. Skrining fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antibakteri kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun seledri (Apium graveolens L.) dan kelor (Moringa oleifera L.). SPIN: Jurnal Kimia & Pendidikan Kimia. 2022;4(1):96,101-103,105.

17. Qi W, Xiong D, Long M. Quercetin: its antioxidant mechanism, antibacterial properties and potential application in prevention and control of toxipathy. Molecules. 2022;27(19):4.

18. Rahman IW, Fadlilah RN, Ka’bah, Kristiana HN, Dirga A. Potensi ekstrak daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Serratia marcescens. Jurnal Ilmu Alam dan Lingkungan. 2022;13(1):21.